Glaucoma: Pathogenesis, Screening, and Management

Abstract

A class of optic neuropathies known as glaucoma is defined by gradual loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and degradation of the visual field. Despite successful intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering treatments, it continues to be a major cause of permanent blindness globally.

Millions of people worldwide suffer from glaucoma, which is a major cause of irreversible blindness. It includes a collection of progressive optic neuropathies that are frequently linked to high intraocular pressure and are characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells and degradation of the visual field. Because of its complicated pathophysiology, varied presentations, and requirement for lifetime care, glaucoma management is still difficult despite advancements in our understanding of the condition. A thorough review that summarizes the most recent findings, highlights significant developments, and suggests areas in need of additional research is desperately needed given the multidisciplinary scope and quickly changing nature of glaucoma research. The goal of this review was to provide a thorough understanding of glaucoma categorization, pathogenesis, screening, and management choices for ophthalmologists, researchers, and healthcare providers.